Definition and Examples of Derivation in English

Definition and Examples of Derivation in English In morphology, derivation is the process of creating a new word out of an old word, usually by adding a prefix or a suffix. Adjective: derivational. Linguist Geert Booij notes that one criterion for distinguishing derivation and ​inflection is that derivation may feed inflection, but not vice versa. Derivation applies to the stem-forms of words, without their inflectional endings, and creates new, more complex stems to which inflectional rules can be applied (The Grammar of Words, 2005).   Derivational change that takes place without the addition of a bound morpheme (such as the use of the noun impact as a verb) is called zero derivation or conversion. From the Latin, to draw off. Examples and Observations Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties.(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005 Derivation versus Inflection Morphology may be divided into derivationrules that form a new word out of old words, like duckfeathers and unkissableand inflectionrules that modify a word to fit its role in a sentence, what language teachers call conjugation and declension. (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. Basic Books, 1999)The distinction between inflectional morphology and derivational morphology is an ancient one. Fundamentally, it is a matter of the means used to create new lexemes (derivational affixes among other processes) and those used to mark the role of the lexeme in a particular sentence (accidence, inflectional morphology). . . .It seems that although we probably can maintain a distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology relatively well in Englishalbeit with certain problematical cases which do not invalidate the fundamental notionthe distinction is not helpful to us in understanding any other aspects of the morphology of English. The classification might be useful in terms of typology, but does not throw much light on the behavior of English morphological processes.(Laurie Bauer, Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag, The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2013 Derivation, Compounding, and Productivity Word-formation is traditionally divided into two kinds: derivation and compounding. Whereas in compounding the constituents of a word are themselves lexemes, this is not the case in derivation. For instance, -ity is not a lexeme, and hence taxability is a case of derivation. The word income tax, on the other hand, is a compound since both income and tax are lexemes. Changing the word class of a word, as happened in the creation of the verb to tax from the noun tax, is called conversion, and may be subsumed under derivation. . . .Morphological patterns that can be systematically extended are called productive. The derivation of nouns ending in -er from verbs is productive in English, but the derivation of nouns in -th from adjectives is not: it is hard to expand the set of words of this type such as depth, health, length, strength, and wealth. Marchand (1969: 349) has observed some occasional coinings like coolth (after warmth)  but notes that such word coinings are often jocular, a nd hence do not represent a productive pattern. If we want to coin a new English noun on the basis of an adjective, we have to use -ness or -ity instead. (Geert Booij, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2005 Changes to Meaning and Word Class: Prefixes and Suffixes Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning: patient: outpatientgroup: subgrouptrial: retrialadjectivedark: darknessverbagree: agreementnounfriend: friendship (Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech,  Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 2002)

Scientific Hypothesis Examples

Scientific Hypothesis Examples A hypothesis represents an educated guess about what you think will happen, based on your observations. Before experimenting, you propose a hypothesis so that you can determine whether your prediction is supported. There are several ways you can state a hypothesis. The best hypothesis is one you can test and easily refute. Why would you want to disprove or discard your hypothesis? Its because this is the easiest way to demonstrate two factors are related. What are some examples of a hypothesis? Hypothesis Examples Hypothesis: All forks have three tines.Disproven if you find any fork with a different number of tines.Hypothesis: There is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer.While it is difficult to establish cause and effect in health issues, you can apply statistics to data to discredit this hypothesis or to support it, if the rates of lung cancer are the same between smokers and non-smokers.Hypothesis: Plants require liquid water to survive.Disproven if you find a plant that doesnt need it.Hypothesis: Cats do not show a paw preference (cat equivalent to being right- or left-handed).You could gather data about the number of times cats bat at a toy with either paw and analyze the data to determine whether cats, on the whole, favor one paw over the other. Be careful here, because individual cats, like people, might (or might not) express a preference.Hypothesis: If plants are watered with a 10% detergent solution, their growth will be negatively affected.Some people prefer to state a h ypothesis in an If, then format. An alternate hypothesis might be: Plant growth will be unaffected by water with a 10% detergent solution. What hypothesis would you use? Youre welcome to post a reply offering additional hypothesis examples or discussing the type of hypothesis you prefer to formulate and test.

Assess Competitive conditions in the banking industry in Saudi Arabia Essay

Assess Competitive conditions in the banking industry in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example udi Arabia, the need to establish and develop a modern banking industry was felt, and as a result the foundations of a full-fledged banking industry was laid in the year 1952 (Homoud, 2011). Keeping in view the significant growth and developments in the banking industry of the country, the question arises that whether the banking industry of Saudi Arabia is competitive enough over the past few years (Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, 2014). In this paper, the researcher has made use of the method put forward by Rosse and Panzar (1977) for the measurement of the extent to which competition exists in the banking industry of a country. In this regard, the researcher has presented estimates of the Rosse-Panzar H Statistic by making use of information pertaining to financial performance of selected Saudi Arabian banks. After the introduction section, the report includes a brief review of the banking sector of Saudi Arabia, a discussion of the theory, methodology and data considered in conducting this study, empirical results obtained from analysis of information and conclusions reached thereon. Today, the Saudi Arabian banking industry is regarded as amongst the fastest growing and developing in the world. Apart from the fact that the operating environment in the country for banks is competitive at present, the industry is expected to gain more competency owing to the fast paced technological and regulatory developments in the region and all over the world. The competency, resilience and strength of the Saudi Arabian banking industry is also evident from the fact that during the recent financial crisis, the industry managed to report positive growth figures, and also showed consistency in its growth in lending operations. At present, the Saudi Arabian banking industry is largely run by private sector and therefore capital lent in the country largely moves from the private sector (Homoud, 2011; Almazari & Almuman, 2012). As per the statistics published by the Central

Family Map Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family Map Project - Essay Example They sometimes represent unbalanced relationships in the family that prevents healthy family dynamics. Connected and cohesive levels of family cohesion represent the â€Å"most functional across the life cycle, in part because they balance separateness and togetherness† (Olson, et.al., 2005). Family flexibility is the â€Å"amount of change that occurs in leadership, role relationships, and relationship rules† (Olson, 2003, as quoted by Olson, et.al., 2005). Flexibility refers to the family’s ability to adapt or to adjust to an event and to deal with changes in the family. Flexibility is also categorized into four levels, which are: rigid, structured, flexible and chaotic. The balanced response to change indicates the degree of a family’s flexibility. A rigid family has an extreme resistance to change and the chaotic family leans so much on change that its stability is placed in jeopardy. The structured and flexible family balances stability and change as and when events take place in the family. â€Å"Families need a basic foundation that gives them stability, but they also need to be open to change when necessary† (Olson, et.al., 2005). In order for a family to become stronger as a unit, it needs to accept the inevitability of change and sti ll maintain its stability despite the changes. The third dimension of the couple and family map model is communication. â€Å"Communication is the grease that smoothes frictions between partners and family members† (Olson, et.al., 2005). Communication allows family members to work through and to work out their problems and issues with each other. It involves listening skills, speaking skills, self-disclosure, clarity, staying on topic, and respect and regard. Listening skills include empathy and giving feedback; it is not just hearing the other person speak, but also listening to what the other person wants to say. Speaking skills

Analysis Of The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Exporting Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Exporting Marketing Essay The ability of a firm to export a proportion of its sales abroad is increasingly regarded as a an important competitive measure of performance at national and as well as regional level (OFarrell et al, 1996).There ability to engage in exporting is purported to be necessary ingredient to ensure the survival and growth of new and small firms. Exporting is usually used as an entry strategy for most firms venturing abroad for the first time. It is the entry strategy most favored by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Many Companies begin their international ventures by exporting mainly because all things being equal, it is the least risky and easiest to recover from in case of things not working out as planned. It is very flexible as compared to other strategies as the exporter can both enter and exit from the market very easily. Some companies internationalize for different reasons, they are either reactive or proactive to the market i.e. firms may react to rivals action to go international and follow suit or perhaps anticipate its competitions move by being the first mover and achieving the first mover advantage. However, there are quite a number of things that a firm should put in to consideration when exporting for the first time internationally. To ensure export, a firm should not overlook the following: Assessment of the global market opportunities: Before exporting goods or services, there are a number of questions a firm must put into consideration. The firm must analyze what kind of business it wants to get into, the products in question and the target market as whether it will accept the products or services being exported. The management of the firm should do a research before selecting the target market. The target market should be attractive and all other aspect like transportation, customs regulations and applicable tariffs and duties. Similarly, of at most importance is the culture of the country which must be evaluated in order to understand the implications to business opportunities and challenges. There must be a great understanding of customer needs and preferences, the competitors, the government regulations and the capabilities of the foreign intermediaries. The economic stability of the country is also an important aspect to the exporter. Organizing for exporting: For an organization to successfully export its products or services, it must learn how to transport its goods internationally, learn all the necessary procedures required at customs offices and all the necessary documentations. The organizations must adhere to all the requirements of the country it is exporting its goods to, failure to which can attract charges and penalties. Acquiring of needed skills and competencies: Hill (2007) is of the view that one way for the first time exporters is to identify the opportunities associated with exporting and to avoid many of the associated pitfalls is to hire an export management company (EMC) who act as the export marketing department or international department for their clients firms. It is important for organizations to acquire the right competencies and skills in order for the organization to survive in the market. The organizations must learn what is required of them to succeed in those markets before moving on to other markets. The more knowledge the organization acquires about the exporting strategies, the more competencies and right skills it gains and a clear picture. Different Export Strategies Available To a Firm There are two major strategies that an organization needs to consider in terms of exporting into another country. Under these two major strategies; The first strategy is called an Autonomous Strategy or sometimes referred to as the go it alone. This strategy involves the organization choosing to go into another country alone. The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one method that can be used. Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) is the strategy mainly preferred by Multinational National Enterprise and it is an equity or ownership form of foreign market entry in to other countries and the presence is especially critical in performing some activities in the market. This type of strategy is usually by big firms such as Toyota, Nokia etc which have massive FDI based operations around the world. Another strategy is called the collaboration strategy which is concerned with the firm creating an ally with partners either up or down or the same level of the value chain, for example, licensing and franchising. Franchising is a means of marketing goods and services in which the franchiser grants the legal right to use branding, trademarks, products and the method of operation is transferred to a third party the franchisee in return for a franchise fee. Doole and Lowe (2001) International strategic alliances-This involves an exporting firm going into strategic alliances with local firms in the targeted countries. This strategy is categorized into three forms. Non equity strategy alliance that is formed through the contractual agreement to supply, produce or distribute the firms goods or services with equity sharing. This may concern marketing and information sharing e.g. licensing and franchising. An equity strategic alliance is the strategy in which partners own different percentages of equity in a new venture or project or an existing firm. Joint Ventures where two or more firms create a separate co-operation whose stock is shared by partners.Cateora and Graham(2002) define a joint venture as partnership between two or more participating companies that join forces to create a separate legal entity. Joint Ventures are in essence a way of risks of expanding internationally. Acquisition is where an organization develops its resources and competencies by taking over another organisationJohnson and Scholes (2002 p.375).An acquisition can be instantaneous and sometimes less expensive approach to market entry.Keegan and Schlegelmilch (2001). Other strategies that a firm can use are: The use of the Internet by setting up a website to advertise its products and or services to the world. This method has not only become popular due to the cost efficiency but also because of the instant huge volumes it reaches. The internet provides the means to export some types of services, ranging from airline tickets to architectural services. Other facilities on this method include online advertising and catalogues where goods can be, selected, ordered and paid for remotely. This method however may apply to both autonomous and collaborative strategies. Thus, the different types of international strategies represent different degrees of resources, commitments and risks. There are a number of questions managers must put into consideration before selecting an entry strategy in to a new market or country. The questions that need to be considered are such as what are the goals and objectives of the firm, does the firm have enough resources and capabilities to survive in the market especially in a foreign country where the firm may find stiff competition. It is also very important that the firm does its home work and understands its competitors in the market, unique conditions in the targeted country, balancing risk and return, competencies of the firm and characteristics of the product or services that the firm whishes to export. The firm can also decide whether they want to use direct export or indirect exporting. Direct Exporting is the strategy that a firm can use to sale directly to the customers in foreign countries by opening an export sales department which can create opportunities for the firm to establish a closer relationship with the foreign market and the end buyers. The firm can decide to use an export manager who will be charge of its direct export sales overseas to some countries where you can sale directly to the end user. This is common in the Middle East, Central America and in some Asian Countries. Firms wishing to pursue a long term position in a foreign market need to be more proactive in their approach to the market entry by becoming direct involved. Other direct export options are the use of export intermediaries. Indirect Exporting is the other strategy that can be used by firms to export it products and or services. Indirect exporting may seem to be the better option to other businesses through using intermediaries may be a better alternative looking at the complex tasks and risks involved in direct exporting. In this strategy, the firm can decide to use the domestic Intermediaries that can perform market research and develop a marketing strategy on behalf of the firm. Advantages of Exporting: The following are the advantages of exporting as an international entry strategy for a new firm; Increased sales volume resulting in improved market share as well the generation of profit margins that are often more favorable than the domestic market, Increased economies of scale through the reduction of unit cost of manufacturing as the sales volumes rise A diversified customer base thus reducing dependence on home markets. Minimized risk and maximized flexibility compared to other entry strategies as the firm can easily and quickly withdraw from an export market. Lower cost of foreign market entry as the firm does not have to invest in the target market or maintain physical presence especially through the use of agencies or franchises. The firm can therefore test the new market before committing greater resources through foreign direct investment. It helps stabilize fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand e.g. a firm can offset declining demand at home. In a nutshell the low cost , low risk nature of exporting, combined with the ability to leverage on foreign partners makes exporting suitable to a new firm in the international business fraternity. Disadvantages of Exporting: Because exporting does not require the presence of the firm in the country it is exporting its goods or services, the firm usually does not meet with its customers as a result it does not get to learn about the interests of its clients, the competitors and the market. It does not allow the firm to benefit from the location advantages of the host national. The exporting firm has limited opportunities to gain knowledge of local markets and competitors as it does not dwell in the target markets countries, hence posing a business risk. There is serious exchange risks involved as the firm deals in foreign currency due to fluctuations in exchange rates. Without proper hedging, the organization may encounter significant exchange losses depending on the economic situation of the target foreign market and apart from losses, exchange rates may cause the exporters goods being expensive in the target market and therefore lose market share in the host national. The exporting organization is exposed to trade barriers such as import duties/tariffs depending on the area of the host national whom it trades with. The existence of certain regional groupings may affect the exporting firm positively or negatively especially if the firm is from outside the region. Exporting usually involves transporting goods for production companies involved in goods marketing and distribution. This may be a constraint in the smooth distribution and realization of business objectives of economic growth and profit generation. This may also depend on the location of the target market and the socio-economic situation in the host nations as well as infrastructural development. The fact that the exporting firm does not dwell in the host country may result in limitations on the ability to respond quickly to customer demands as there may be no one from the firm on the ground to respond on time. Exporting may create dependence on export intermediaries and therefore may not have the grip. Another disadvantage of exporting is the high transportation costs that can make exporting uneconomical especially if the organization is exporting huge or bulk products. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a critical facilitator of internationalization of markets depends on three components as market drivers that is the presence of similar customer needs and tastes, the presence of global customers e.g. the growing trend in car components companies being internationalized as their customers become internationalized. In accordance to Yip (2003) costs may be reduced by operating internationally through increasing volumes beyond what a national market may support and therefore can give rise to economies of scale both on the production as well as on the purchasing side. Scale economies are particularly important in industries with high product development costs. It also noted that internationalization is promoted were it is possible to take advantage of country specific differences. Other drivers may be due to policy including tariff barriers, subsidies to local firms and license to trade. Therefore among the methods of internationalization, exporting has proved to be more popular in certain types of business operations and largely depends on what stage a particular firm is in the process of internationalization. Mostly this method is used by firms in the initial stages of internationalization especially by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and strategy becomes less popular as firms grow in size. The two main strategies firms use to export is firstly by collaboration , where a firm goes into partnerships with other firms either locally or abroad to complete value chains in the business through joint ventures, licensing, franchising and other strategic alliances. The second strategy is the go it alone or autonomous strategy were a firm going into export through the establishment of its own infrastructure in the target market such as a distribution office, its own employees. Therefore this strategy involves the foreign direct investment (FDI) with a view to establishing a long term commitment in the foreign market involved. However, it is less popular especially for firms going on the international market for the first time. Through analysis of the export strategy, the method has got a lot of disadvantages despite having a lot of advantages and therefore the choice of using for internationalization will depend on various factors such as being an entry strategy, or depending on the economic conditions of a particular region, take advantage of market conditions prevailing at a particular time. This is after taking into account the various factors or drivers such as costs, competition, market condition and local and host government policies.

Working Conditions for Children During Industrial Revolution

Working Conditions of Children During the Industrial Revolution During the beginning of the industrial revolution there was a high demand for labour. Families travelled from rural farm areas to newly industrialized and larger cities in hope of finding new work. To survive even in the lowest class of poverty families would have had to have every single able family member working, this includes children. Children as young as six were put to work in factories. They worked for up too 19 hours a day with only one hours break in total.Work was hard and the children were often paid barely anything. These fragile human beings were; frequently overworked, underpaid and ill treated for a long time. They didn’t have small jobs either; their jobs were physically intense and required a lot of effort and strength. With little medical knowledge in comparison to today these children were prevented from growing healthily and naturally. Deformedness was common amongst many of the children due t o the high amount of physical exertion performed by them.Their growth was slowed down and they suffered in multiple other ways. The treatment of children in factories was horrendous to say the least. They were verbally abused and little care was payed to their safety and wellbeing. Sever punishments were also in place for the slightest disobedience. It was incredibly unsafe to work in the factory environment due to the large machineries used, which very often proved a hazard to the children. With the enormous machines fingers and body parts of theses skinny children could often result in deaths due to serious injuries or accidents.Sometimes children fell asleep from working excessive hours and occasionally the sheer force of the machines would just crush them. In factories that were unsanitary there was harsh exposure to dangerous chemicals and toxins consistently. Some children died from excessive inhalation of the fumes. Children who worked in coalmines often died from explosions and injuries. Overall there was extreme difficulty faced with being a child and having to grow up working during the industrial revolution.

Globalization And Its Impact On Society Essay - 1550 Words

Globalization defines practically all facets of modern life. The jobs available to the public, the cultures people embody/emulate, the relationships individuals engage in, are all continuously altered by the profound forces of the globalizing process. Capital, people, images, commodities and ideology transcend national borders, and information races around the globe at accelerating speeds (Inda 4). The theme of globalization has emerged generating considerable amounts of controversy in its wake, concerning economics, politics, and culture. These flows and disjunctures of globalization serve to construct particular cultural realities around the world, articulating the importance of the global and the local. These days the world is another place—it is not our own. Globalization is an insight into the present â€Å"now,† yet our â€Å"now† has been constructed and fashioned to fit the mold of an ever-changing, globalizing process. To understand the phenomenon of globalization, we must understand the relations between the past and the present. By understanding the relation between the past and the present we can comprehend the importance of where we have been and how we have come to be. The past is and should be perceived as a resource—there is so much we can learn. The past, present, and the future are all available for humans to use as resources for our imagination. Our imagination is a central resource that can act as an anchor in the post-modern world (Appadurai 30-31). The publicShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Globalization On The Society1114 Words   |  5 Pages The Impact of Globalization 3 Introduction The effects of globalization are visible everywhere. The mixing of cultures and races throughout our society is everywhere. It’s on television, in our homes and woven into our workplace. This is not necessarily a new construct; it’s just more noticeable today than in the past. The Roman Empire opened all trade in Europe, Africa andRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is the process by which different societies, culture, and how regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political beliefs through communication, marketing, and transportation. Predominately, globalization has made a worldwide impact on many nations in numerous ways such as; politically, economically, as well as socially. Globalization has shaped the independence of various nations, thus leading to worldly affairs based on a global level. Leading to trends in cultureRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1369 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is a broad term used in multiple social studies classes. There are three types of globalization: cultural, economical and political. As both positive and negative views exist on globalization; using just the word globalization isn’t specific enough to understand these viewpoints. Knowing the different types of globalization will allow a person to form their own opinion whether or not each individual type of globalization has a positive or negative impact on society. Cultural globalizationRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1637 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Globalization as ‘the acutely adamant affiliation of economies, societies and cultures into a borderless accepted communications [technology] and accumulation arrangement [is] a world-transforming process, not all which is pleasant,’ (Morrison, 2010, p. 32). Although globalization is, and will apparently abide for some time, one of ‘a lot of ambiguous and misunderstood’ concepts, there is some accepted arena to be beginning an allotment of all the confusion (White, 2008). That isRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1311 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization, has taken place for centuries, is the shrinking of geographic that accelerate the flows of money, goods, people and culture around the planet. Migration came when people move between countries either temporarily or permanently, to seek education and employment or to escape adverse political, environments. Culture and globalization have infinite impact on each other. Humans have never been closer together than we are today. Globalization, started from the intercontinental migrationRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1963 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization has been rapidly influencing businesses in today’s society. It is a way of bringing markets around the world closer together to form better partnerships and improve communication between the different countries, governments and businesses that are motivated by investments and international trading. Globalization has been adapted to foster political and diplomatic affiliations between countries. This way of conducting business creates a competitive market place, and keeps the organizationsRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1307 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a phenomenon involving the integration of ideas circulating worldwide, connecting people from everywhere (Friedman). Globalization affects everything, but most importantly it impacts our own cultures. Culture is the way that grou ps of people act, believe, and live. This is crucial to life because without culture, we wouldn’t be unique. Cultures are linked together through globalization because globalization can spread cultures worldwide, altering them in the process. GlobalizationRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society942 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has, from the late twentieth century, led nations and their borders to be called into questions. Populations, often driven by their youths, now have instant access to information on everything that happened around the world. Meanwhile, and because of this globalization, states have been forced to open up to the world and to free their borders to facilitate exchanges. Therefore, people began to feel less constrained by their nationality and became what is often referred to as citizensRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1274 Words   |  6 Pagespeople alike, yet globalization is a vastly broad and unfamiliar concept to a major ity of people. Personally, before enrolling in this class, I thought I knew what the general idea of globalization was, as rudimentary and elementary as my knowledge of the topic had been. However, after only exposing myself to a minuscule amount of cultural literature throughout the course of this class thus far, I have greatly expanded my understanding of what the true meaning of globalization is: a process thatRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society Essay1980 Words   |  8 Pagesphenomenon is called globalization. As humans continue to advance technologically, we, as humans, will become more unified. This unification has many benefits. We will be able to work together on an economical, political, and social level. The state-of-the-art capabilities in commerce and trading between countries globalization fosters immense economical growth. Consequently, this growth will lead to an increase in jobs and overall economic health. Nevertheless, some claim that globalization w ill have certain